![]() ![]() In easy words, these are irreversible processes, and the internal energy (entropy) of the liquid increases during these processes. ![]() In a real Rankine cycle (or a real power plant), the turbine expansion process and the pump compression process cannot be performed under isentropic conditions. Actual Rankine Cycle or Non-Ideal Rankine Cycle The Rankine cycle prevents hydraulic fluid from entering the superheated steam region after expansion in the turbine, reducing the energy consumed by the condenser. They only improve the performance of the cycle. A boiler is used to heat the water for steam at the required. The Rankine Cycle’s major components include a rotating steam turbine, a boiler pump, a stationary condenser, and a boiler. The Rankine cycle is an idealized thermodynamic cycle describing the process by which certain heat engines, such as steam turbines or reciprocating steam engines, allow mechanical work to be extracted from a fluid as it moves between a heat source and heat sink. This means that turbines and pumps do not produce entropy. The Rankine Cycle is a mechanical cycle commonly used in power plants to convert the pressure energy of steam into mechanical energy through steam turbines. In an ideal Rankine cycle, turbines and pumps operate under isentropic conditions. During this process, the vapor releases heat, but its hydraulic pressure remains the same. In this condensation process, the vapor is condensed into a saturated liquid. Constant pressure heat release method (4 to 1): Steam enters the condensation tank after the expansion process.Throughout this process, the pressure and temperature of the steam will drop. When the coil rotates in a magnetic field, it produces electricity. ![]() As the turbine blades rotate, so does the crankshaft, which causes the generator coil to rotate further. When the steam expands, it collides with the turbine blades and converts the thermal energy of the steam into rotational energy (mechanical work). Isentropic expansion (3-4): After a constant pressure input heat process, the steam enters the turbine section and expands there.The enthalpy of the liquid changes while the pressure remains constant. The boiler heats the water at constant pressure and converts it into dry saturated steam (steam). Constant pressure heat addition process (2-3): An external heat source supplies heat to the boiler while water is supplied to the boiler.For the initial pump, the work done by the pump is as follows: The liquid is pumped by increasing the pressure of the liquid, but the entropy of the liquid remains the same. The pump requires a small amount of energy to pump first. Isentropic compression (1-2): At this stage, the pump carries water or another working medium from the body of water (such as sewers or tanks) to the boiler.The application and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified via an industrial case study and the results are expected to provide guidance for the design of the multi-period and multi-source waste heat recovery process in practice. At the last step, the time-sharing model is extended and solved to finalize the design of multi-source WHRS, so that the multi-period operation requirements can be easily met through the combination and sharing of operating units. The number of cycles, the working fluids, the WHRN structure, and the design and operating parameters are thus determined for multi-source and multi-cycle WHRS. ![]() Then, based on these selections, a multi-source and multi-cycle WHRS model is established and solved to determine the optimal configuration of multi-source WHRS, which consists of an ORC thermodynamic model and a waste heat recovery network (WHRN) model. In this step, the quantitative relationship for working fluid selection in single-source system is generalized to the multi-source WHRS, and a series of principles for the combination and classification of inflection points on heat source load curve are presented to simplify the design process and avoid the structure redundancy at the same time. In the proposed method, the candidate working fluids and the corresponding cycles of WHRS are preliminarily selected based on analysis of the heat source load curve and the quantitative relationship of temperatures between the heat sources and working fluids. This paper addresses a three-step method to design the optimal ORC waste heat recovery system (WHRS) that adapts to the multi-period and multi-source heat recovery requirements. ![]()
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